Evolution: Fact or Fiction? :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Development: Fact or Fiction? Probably the best inquiry ever is: The place the hell did we originate from? One of the most famous responses to this inquiry is creationism, the possibility that everything was made by a higher being. Another thought is advancement, the possibility that every single living life form slid from a less unpredictable life form. Best in class in the only remaining century, development has another perspective that is by and large extraordinarily acknowledged by mainstream researchers. Notwithstanding this reality numerous individuals contend that development has no realities to help it and there are a few reasons why advancement can't occur. Development is the progressive change in a living beings genetic stock after some time, essentially advancement is portrayed in any adjustment in the hereditary cosmetics of a life form. The least demanding approach to show this is by expressing instances of low level advancement as it has been watched. The best know instance of this sort occurred in England during the modern advancement. There were two assortments of the English Peppered moth before the insurgency, a light and a dull hued moth. The dim moth was practically nonexistent, as it was simple for predators to get on the light hued trees. As the mechanical upheaval advanced, the measure of contamination noticeable all around turned the trees a sediment shading, and therefore the light moths were simple for predators to spot. The light shaded peppered moth everything except ceased to exist, and was nearly elimination while the dull hued moth was flourishing. Over the most recent a very long while the contamination in England has dropped and white moth is making a return, and the dull moth is going back towards insensibility. (Harter) Â The moth model is considered by numerous individuals to exhibit development, yet individuals against the possibility of advancement state it isn't. The main thing that it indicated was that nature utilizes regular determination to get rid of the more fragile of the stocks. The moth case is an away from of characteristic determination not development on the grounds that no adjustment in the genetic stock of the moth occurred. Saying that the peppered moth model doesn't show development is outrageous. Regular choice is probably the best device of advancement, as expressed by Charles Darwin in his book, Origin of Species. It might be said that regular choice is day by day and hourly investigating, all through the world, each variety, even the smallest; dismissing what is awful, saving and including all that is acceptable composed Charles Darwin in section 4:Natural Selection.

Strategies and Resources for Success Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Techniques and Resources for Success - Coursework Example ges that an online students may foresee might resemble: how to expand on the current base of information and how to assess the multifaceted online assets. Also it may be extremely hard for them to locate a proper correlation bunches that can help them in taking care of information assortment issues and even in the understanding of the program development impacts. This paper tries to assess the difficulties that the online students may foresee when undertaking their online investigations and to give procedures that they can use to guarantee that they prevail as far as they can tell. One of the difficulties that the online students are encountering is absence of the self-control that is expected to commit sufficient opportunity to class in courses that might not have ordinary time calendar to meet the coordinated on the web (Ottenbacher and Harrington, 2010). Setting and following the particular investigation hours is one of the variables that can work for online students. For instance evening hour can be assigned for perusing the exercises and the end of the week can be utilized for doing the composing task. It is imperative to take note of that assigning explicit hours to peruse, finishing the assignments and even post discoursed to different students might be useful. Proficient web based learning requires assets like the innovation, materials and even time. Every one of these assets are reliant on the accessibility of assets. How these assets will be organized so they can be in accordance with the expert needs may enormously influence the quality, access and adequacy of the experience of the instructors. At the point when the students are resolved to guarantee value in the distribution of these assets and they have mindful thought of their needs, the expected result for both the students and the instructors can be accomplished. Collaborations of most understudies normally occur through online strung conversations that gives the educators and the students’ time to cooperate in a coordinated habits. This may

What Are Good Essay Topics For College Essays?

What Are Good Essay Topics For College Essays?If you're still wondering what are good essay topics for college, read on. You can always ask a teacher or professor for help in this matter. However, they might not be able to give you much help.Now, the question is 'what are good essay topics for college?' And that's where I'll begin my tips.First of all, before you write any article, novel, or any type of publication, you need to have an excellent subject that can catch the attention of your readers. This is important for the writer.To really draw in your reader, a good topic will be something that interests them. It may not be an easy task to come up with a good topic. You might have to actually sit down and think about it.It doesn't matter if you're writing a book, an essay, or even a student's life or history. The topic will always be relevant to the author or the project at hand. If you don't know where to start, do not worry.Try starting by just looking at the topic of the assignm ent that you're working on. Are there some general subjects that you know about? What about subjects that are commonly used in your college?You could look online and find lists of topics that are being used in college papers or other types of publications. But what about the topic that is always used, no matter what school, or type of program, or school you're in? If you're in a high school, there's a good chance that you're also ina class that discusses a wide variety of topics.You could easily find topics related to what you're writing about. Another great thing about high school subjects is that they usually have a consistent theme. Maybe you want to write a paper about summer reading, you could think about some of the best summer reading guides that you've seen.

The Current Hostilities Between Yemen And Saudi Arabia Today

What are the underlying factors, cultural differences, and outside intervention leading up to the current hostilities between Yemen and Saudi Arabia today? To answer some of these fundamental questions, I will use the relevant aspects of the five core ideas about the social conflict which are championed by Louis Kriesberg and Bruce Dayton’s book â€Å"Constructive Conflicts.† Kriesberg and Dayton posit that that social conflicts are universal, and can be beneficial; social conflicts are waged with varying destructiveness; social conflicts entail contested social constructions; social conflicts can be transformed, and that social conflicts are dynamic and tend to move through stages. In order for us to be able to understand the dispute, we must†¦show more content†¦The roots of the current conflict between Saudi Arabia and the Republic of Yemen stems from sectarian, social political, and ideological differences which are identified as contested social constructions in the core ideas. Moreover, these social constructions are moving in stages and are vital to the accurate assessment as to what has led to the original cause of the conflict. Ideological differences tainted with sectarianism seem to be one of the driving factors for conflict. The newly unified Republic of Yemen kept its Ba’athist loyalties, and it s somewhat tempered Marxist leanings in its governance. One of the presumed crucial trigger points for the ongoing conflict between Yemen and Saudi Arabia is the 1990 Gulf War. On August 2, 1990, the state of Iraq invaded the small state of Kuwait and claimed it as their 19th province. This is taken, and not without unfounded rationalization, as only a small stepping stone for Iraq to directly attack the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and its expansive oil fields to the south. Saudi Arabia claimed that Iraq’s actions posed a serious threat to its national security and sovereignty and asked the international community for assistance. 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Does Carrefour create value for all its stakeholders - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3779 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The triple bottom line: Does Carrefour create value  for all its stakeholders? Glossary Abstract à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 2 Chapter 2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Research Objectives à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 6 Chapter 3 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Literature Review à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 7 Chapter 4 Findings à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Does Carrefour create value for all its stakeholders?" essay for you Create order 8 Chapter 5 Analysis à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 22 Chapter 6 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Conclusions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. 30 Chapter 7 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Recommendations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. 33 Appendices à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 36 Bibliography à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 37 Abstract The highly competitive nature of the food retailing market in Europe and a reverse of economic conditions has put French g iant Carrefour on the ropes. Inroads by competitors has eroded market share and profits and has left the company more vulnerable than it has ever been. The question as to whether Carrefour is creating value for its stakeholders thus comes under fire as a result of the aforementioned. This examination will seek to answer this query. 1962 marked a turning point in retailing history when the French company Carrefour introduced the hypermarket format in Sainte-Genevi just outside of Paris (Jones, 2006). The concept represent an outlet that is a combination of a supermarket with a full line discount store to result in a retail facility that is gigantic in terms of size as well as the number and types of products it offers under one roof (Axapata Retail, 2005). The concept represents both of these operations in a space that ranges between 200,000 to 3000,000 square feet which was successful in Europe as a result of the relatively small store framework in most urban centers and rural ar eas whereby shopping entailed visiting several small stores, unlike the United States which embraced shopping malls in these settings (Faculty.Inverhills, 2004). The success of the hypermarket concept in France created the fear that smaller stores would be forced to close and the country enacted a series of laws which made the building of these types of outlets more difficult as well as restricting the economic leverage these chains could utilize on suppliers, however these retailers still managed to continue their growth as a result of loopholes that existed in the legislation (Wikipedia, 2006). The underpinnings of said law, termed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Loi Gallandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, have become under fire recently to have amendments closing the means via which hypermarket retailers have been circumventing it (Wikipedia, 2006). As the second largest retailer in the world after Wal-Mart, and as the largest retailer in Europe, Carrefour is an international operation with 10,778 outlets in 21 countries (Carrefour, 2006): Table 1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Carrefour Stores in Europe (Carrefour, 2006) Country First Store Number of Stores Hypermarkets Supermarkets Hard Discounters Conv. Stores Cash Carry Belgium 2000 505 56 261 188 France 1960 3704 216 1024 650 1650 156 Greece 1991 631 16 135 337 143 Italy 1993 1277 41 405 813 18 Poland 1997 100 31 69 Portugal 1992 387 7 380 Romania 2000 6 6 Spain 1973 3010 137 176 2668 29 Switzerland 2001 11 11 Turkey 1993 307 12 7 288 Europe 1960 9947 542 2077 4323 2794 203 Table 2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Carrefour Stores in Asia (Carrefour, 2006) Country First Store Number of Stores Hypermarkets Supermarkets Hard Discounters China 1995 270 64 8 212 Taiwan 1989 36 36 South Korea 1996 31 31 Indonesia 1998 18 18 Malaysia 1994 8 8 Singapore 1997 2 2 Thailand 1996 22 22 Table 3 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Carrefour Stores in South America (Carrefour, 2006) Country First Store Number of Stores Hypermarkets Supermarkets Hard Discounters Argentina 1982 461 28 114 319 Brazil 1975 336 100 35 201 Colombia 1998 21 21 Dominican Republic 1999 1 1 Carrefourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stakeholders include its (Carrefour, 2002): Customers, Suppliers, Service Providers, The governments, local authorities and communities in the countries and locales it operates, Employees, Franchisees, Shareholders, Banks, and Financial Markets All of the preceding are important and essential aspects of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operations and a part of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"triple bottom lineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, which represents a spectrum of criteria as well as values that reflects a measurement of a companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s organizational as well as societal success (Norman et al, 2005): Economic Environmental Social In some quarters, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"triple bottom lineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is analogous to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) which calls for companies to utilize à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"triple bottom lineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in their reporting. In accounting this discipline generally calls for an expansion of the manner in which the company reports take into account financial as well as environmental and social performance. Elkington (1998, p. 43) is credited with the development of this phrase, triple bottom line, when he asked if the holding of corporations to this maxim constituted progress in utilizing a phrase credited to Polish poet Stanislaw Jerzy Lec à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Is it progress if a cannibal uses a fork?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (quotationsbook.com, 2006). Elkington (1998, p. 44) states that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ business people are waking up to the fact that key markets are on the verge of rapid change driven by new environmental standards and related customer requir ementsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . He adds (Elkington, 1998, p. 44) as a result of the foregoing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ new bottom lines are being drawn alongside the old profit-and-loss statements.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The aim of the research is to delve deep beneath the retailing surface to uncover the advantages in Carrefourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operations as well as its weaknesses. The retailing sector also holds considerable information and insights as to the trends, temper and salient points in the market, as do competitors. This information is both historical as well as contemporary and also calls for the utilization of proven theory and analysis techniques to evaluate and equate the market and competitive situation to provide a clear focus on what is right, and what is not so right in Carrefourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operations to derive a potential fix. The research aim is to determine if the company is creating value for all its stakeholders under the triple bottom line variable, thus the examination must take into account the (Norman, et al, 2005): Economic Environmental Social aspects in order to determine the answer. Chapter 2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Research Objectives The foundational premise as well as argument for the social responsibility of corporations is that the Earthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s resources are limited and at risk and that the delicate balance that is the ecosystem requires our understanding and attention to the fact that rampant use and destruction of the natural balance of nature through deforestation, fossil fuels, depletion of water tables and global warming carry with them the real potential for a catastrophic climate or nature breakdown (Waring, 1977). Her views of oil spills, wars, and other economic processes arising out of the concept of GDP, Gross Domestic Product, as a means to measure economic performance without taking into account the full scorecard that includes the effects of resource depletion continually gained in acceptance to the point where we now have Corporate Social Responsibility as a measure. The Kyoto Protocol represents an agreement under the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change is an outgrowth of the understanding of the preceding, and seeks to stabilize the greenhouse effect through the reduction of carbon dioxide and related greenhouse gases to stem the global warming trend (UNFCCC, 2006). With the preceding as an understanding of the changed corporate and social climate of the new age, this examination shall seek to examine the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"triple bottom lineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in equating if Carrefour creates value for all of its stakeholders. Chapter 3 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Literature Review The utilization of Michael Porterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Five Forces Modelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (QuickMBA.com, 2004) along with a PESTLE Analysis (Renewal.ed.com, 2004), Industry Life Cycle Analysis and Resource Audit summarized and condensed the wealth of data, facts and information found in the contemporary research that was utilized to provide the foundation for underst anding the operations of the industry sector, competitors and Carrefour. The organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s strategies, competitive environment, industry sector, and internal factors were researched and analyzed utilizing contemporary sources to equate the foregoing from a number of differing angles and approaches in order to ensure the data base rested on a factual foundation from which to draw conclusions. Jonesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2006) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“How France is readying for a hypermarket free-for-allà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  provided background as well as relevant present day information which combined with industry sources such as Axapta Retail (2005), Carrefour, Business Week (2004), PriceWaterHouseCoopers (2000) and Ernest Young (2005) gave insights on the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s market and operational aspects. Norman et al (2005) explanation of triple bottom line in conjunction with Eklington (1998) explored that issue and provided the contextual underpinnings whereby data from Market Research (2004), McCrackenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1986) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Culture and Consumption: A Theoretical Account of the Structure and Movement of the Cultural Meaning of Consumer Goodsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , and Bole et al (1991) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Organic Foods in the UK à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Niche or Mainstream Opportunity?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  could be evaluated in terms of subject relevance. The preceding also included research gleaned from statistical data as supplied by Food Drink Europe.com (2004), NutraIngredients.com (2003), International Retailing (2003) and Table data from Organic-Europe (2005). The research sources represented a broad look at all facets of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operations and aided in the correlation of recommendations as well as conclusions that provided a clear analysis of the problems facing a retailer in a highly prized and competitive market that is mature and seeking expansion as the next round of growth. Chapter 4 Findings 4.1 The Supermarket Retail Industry An examination of the retail industry, in spite of Carrefourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s invention of the hypermarket, today begins with Wal-Mart. Its impact on the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s retailers as a result of its size and financial clout can be measured by the fact that its sales exceed the combined totals of the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s second through fourth largest retailers (PriceWaterhouseCoopers, 2000). And this still holds true today (Ernest Young, 2005): Table 4 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Largest Retailers in the World Ranked by Sales (Ernest Young, 2005) 2005 Rank Company Sales USD (in millions) HQ Country 1 Wal-Mart $285,222 United States 2 Carrefour SA 90,297 France 3 Home Depot 73,094 United States 4 Mtro AG 70,093 Germany 5 Royal Ahold NV 64,615 Netherlands 6 Tesco PLC 62,284 United Kingdom 7 Kroger Co. 56,434 United States 8 Sears Holdings Corp. 55,800 United States 9 REWE Handelsgruppe 50,698 Germany 10 Costco Wholesale Corp. 48,107 United States 11 ITM Enterprises SA 47,218 France 12 Target Corp. 45,682 United States 13 Groupe Casino 45,155 France The dominance as well as threat of Wal-Mart has influenced other global retailers to find ways in which to grow in order to be able to resist an anticipated advance by Wal-Mart into its market(s). On of the particularities of the European market is that it is difficult for Carrefour to grow within their its market as a result of regulatory hurdles limiting large store growth. As a result the company had to look to global markets to expand, a fact borne out by just two of the U.S. based retailers having an international stance as opposed to the top European companies (PriceWaterhouseCoopers, 2000). The importance of including Wal-Mart in a discussion of European based hypermarkets and full discount retail operations is a result of the impact this retailer has had thus far in the market. Wal-Martà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s entry into Germany, although it started off on the wrong foot, is still strong and its acquisition of ASDA in the United Kingdom has shown that its new strategy of à ¢Ã¢â €š ¬Ã‹Å"buying intoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ new markets through the take over of established operations, outlets, customer base, personnel and lines of suppliers. This has put the European retailers on notice. The highly competitive nature of the European as well as global retailing landscape which can not be either forgotten or discounted as growth strategies create low margins, and difficulties in opening new outlets. The fast way to rapid growth, states Dr. Ira Kalish, Los Angeles Director of PriceWaterhouseCoopersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Global Retail Intelligence Unit is via à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Rapid entry and expansion into new countriesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , which Kalish adds à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is often best accomplished via strategic acquisitionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (PriceWaterhouseCoopers, 2000). Carrefourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s top competitors in the European market represent (BBC News, 2001): ASDA/Wal-Mart Tesco Intermarche Aldi Rewe Metro Group Schwartz Group (Lidl) E. Leclerc, and the highly competitive climate is marked in Europe by acquisitions as well as foreign expansion as they jockey for position (MeatNews.com, 2006). The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"hard discountersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ are making the biggest sales gains in the European market, lead by ASDA/Wal-Mart, Aldi and Lidl, a subsidiary of the Schwartz Group. ASDA/Wal-Mart has continued to strengthen its United Kingdom market position through the acquisition of William Morrison/Safeway, and Aldi, which stands for Albrecht-Discount (Wikipedia, 2006), and its acquisition of Edeka, which was the largest food retailer in Germany and whose own strategy for growth was via acquisition (MarketResearch.com, 2004). The intra European battles for increased sales and market share will also be fueled by international activities on the part of Europeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s retailers. They are more active on the international stage than their American counterparts, with the exception of Wal-Mart and the former Safeway acquir ed in Europe by Wal-Mart which has garnered the reputation as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Public Enemy No. 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ inside as well as outside the United States as a result of community groups, environmentalists and competitors (About.com, 2004). The lack of American food retailerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s international focus and the fact that they are reaching market saturation in their home market means that they will be seeking expansion in other locales. Europe is expected to be a target, however the sophistication of European food retailers in the complex European market is likely to stem any real inroads from American based food retailers who are likely to look to the higher growth markets of China, India, South America and other parts of Asia (About.com, 2001). Coincidently, the aforementioned markets are likely to represent the new battleground for European retailers as well, as a result of the limited growth opportunities in Europe where expansion through acquisition is the number one methodology (About.com, 2001). Carrefour is taking this same route as its 2000 acquisition of Promodes indicates (BBC News, 2001). According to Richard Parks of Retail Intelligence, major mergers among European retailers is the key growth and expansion strategy because of Wal-Martà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s entrees, thus they will have to think more in terms of international expansion to counter Wal-Martà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial clout and size (BBC News, 2001). Parks continued that Retail Intelligence sees two or three major European retailers emerging that will then battle U.S. based food retailers internationally (BBC News, 2001). Thus, the European food retailing sector is one with decidedly international designs to fuel growth, stability and self preservation in an acquisition hungry market. 4.1.1 Social Enterprise Analysis Corporate Social Responsibility is a term that describes a corporationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s obligation to understand the needs of its stakeholders in it s business operations and to be sensitive to the ramifications arising from it. The foregoing, stakeholders, represents those that are either influenced by and or those that can influence the decisions and actions of a company in local and or global terms. Corporate Social responsibility is linked to principles represented by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Sustainable Developmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, which proposes that companies are obligated to make decisions that are not just based upon economic and financial factors, but includes the social as well as environmental consequences of activities as well (Wikipedia, 2006). The concept of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"sustainable developmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ represents the understanding that the process of meeting todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s needs in the development of business opportunities, land, cities, communities and other facets must be considered from the standpoint of the impact on future generations as well. The preceding recognizes the finite resources of the planet and the need to limit as well as overcome environmental degradation in consort with economic development and social equity. Corporate Social responsibility is in excess of any charitable operations and or support or donations of a company. It requires a corporation to take into full account the representative impact its decisions have upon all stakeholders: Customers, Suppliers, Service Providers, The governments, local authorities and communities in the countries and locales it operates, Employees, Franchisees, Shareholders, Banks, and Financial Markets The precept of corporate social responsibility means that the company balance the needs concerning all of its stakeholders and the pragmatic aspects of generating a profit along with the rewarding of stakeholders in an adequate manner. The preceding sounds and is a complex balancing act that proposes that companies are in an implied partnership with the environment as well as society at large and thus the narrow approach of business interests for its own sake is no longer applicable (Wikipedia, 2006). Carrefourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s suppliers are between 4,000 to 15,000 depending upon the country in question with the main issues in this area are (Carrefour, 2002): The traceability of products Supplier relationships The quality as well as safety of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s food and non-food lines The social conditions relating to how products are manufactured Carrefour was listed on the Dow Jones Sustainability Index for the first time in 2002, with the following comments from Gabriela Grab, the Sustainability Asset Managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s retailing analyst à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the Group provided evidence in 2002 of greater organizational transparency à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Carrefour, 2002) which Ms. Grab indicated was a result of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s first Sustainability Report. Ms. Grab (Carrefour, 20002) added that the foregoing came from a company in an industry sector à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ where trading practices commonly lack clarity.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The assessment went on to indicate that the company à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is still below the sectorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s average on economic criteriaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Carrefour, 2002), which consist of corporate governance, risk management as well as supply chain management, and code of conduct, but added that Carrefou rà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ environmental and social ratings outperform those for the sectorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Carrefour, 2002) in respect to how the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s suppliers impact upon the environment as well as Carrefourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ strict requirements on working conditionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Carrefour, 2002). The mixed comments contained in Ms. Grabà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (Carrefour, 2002) statements were included in the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s own report thus indicating a seeming propensity to be transparent in its disclosures and thus also representing the intention of providing honest informational content. Further evidence of Carrefourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s social responsibility is provided by the ODE, which assesses French companies concerning the potential for being represented on the FTSE4GoodIndex. Pierre Naudot, an analyst with ODE stated that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Decent worki ng conditions and a ban on child labour have been (ODE) priorities in recent yearsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Carrefour, 2002), and that Carrefour has been in partnership with the INFANS Association à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ in supervising suppliersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Carrefour, 2002). Naudot (Carrefour, 2002) continued that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Carrefour products are manufactured in accordance with basic human rights and ILO requirementsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Naudot (Carrefour, 2002) added that in order to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ strengthen its sustainable development policyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  that the company needed to add clarity to its strategy in the environmental area through the utilization of a framework as well as standards and an action plan representing present initiatives. Further information representing a clarification on this area found that in 2004 Carrefour had met the stringent standards established by the FTSE4Good Index (CSRwire, 2004). 4.1.2 E nvironmental Analysis The responsibility for ensuring that the highest standards of food safety are maintained within the European Union is a critical policy area for the EU Commission. Consumer and environmental concerns over the use of biodegradable as well as non-polluting products including air and water quality in conjunction with uniform food standards and the elimination of pesticides and other growth by products represent health related factors that have come to the forefront. These environmental factors represent: Cultural McCracken (1986, p. 71-84) indicates that cultural context are variables in the environmental aspect in that the manner in which individual dietary preferences have been shaped represent a link to their buying behavior as well as concerns or lack of concerns regarding organically grown foods verses foods utilizing growth hormones and other additives and pesticide controls. Increased consumer awareness in markets means that they influence supplier demands in providing the types of foods grown and processed under the public consciousness culture. The more consumers demand and seek organically grown foods the better the impact upon the environment and such buying behavior forces food suppliers to meet these demands in the marketplace. The foregoing also represents a better utilization of natural resources in keeping with the sustainability factor. The differences in food consumption patterns resulting from societies that consume more organically grown foods has a bearing upon the envi ronmental processes linked to its use, such as the reduction of pesticide components that seep into rivers and water tables as well as crop dusting, hormone additives and other chemicals that affect the ecosystem. Economic The cost of food in general also has an environmental bearing in that lower income families will tend to consume foods that are not of an organically grown nature due to the higher price. As the total consumption pattern of the lower and middle income groups constitutes a higher percentage of the market this inhibits a greater use of organically grown foods which impacts or keeps its price higher under the supply and demand theory. Thus, food processors and suppliers will need to take the first steps to make organic foods more plentiful, therefore helping to drive down costs which will have the effect of increasing consumption causing the organic foods to represent an increasing percentage of products sold, and having a more positive environmental impact. Since the lower and middle income segment of the market consumes more food, a factor of higher demographic numbers, and the preceding means that a shift in food retailer emphasis will help to drive the aforementioned. Organic food s are defined as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the product of a farming system which avoids the use of man-made fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators and livestock feed additives.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Boyle et al, 1991). Boyle et al (1991) continues that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Instead, the system replies on crop rotation, animal and plant manures, some hand weeding and biological pest controlà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Sullivan and Frost (Ministry for the Environment, 2004) Report Number 3365 on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The European Market for Organic Vegetablesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  estimated that the organic food market in Europe would grow from $200 million in 1996 to $510 million in 2003. Interest by consumers in organic foods among the moderate and upper level middle income brackets is on the increase with Germany leading the European Union in consumption as represented by the fact that 18% of the overall volume in the vegetable and fruit segment of the market is organic (Wright, 2003). Denmarkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã ¢â€ž ¢s market for organic vegetables and fruits stands at 16%, followed by the United Kingdom at 14% (Wright, 2003). The UK represents one of Europeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s fastest growing markets with projected consumption estimated to increase to 15.1%, and Franceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s projections indicate an increase to 15.9% (Wright, 2003). Growth in the United Kingdom has been a result of the high degree of consumer interest and demand which supermarket chain Safeway reported that organic food represented 2% of the fruit and vegetable purchases in their outlets, however they represented 80% of the calls they received thus prompting them to increase their offerings in response to market demand (Wright, 2003). UK market demand has seen Tesco reduce the prices on its organic fruit and vegetable products so that they match the prices of conventional fruits and vegetables and the marketing move was evidenced by a 500% increase in organic sales. Table 5 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Organic Agricul tural Land and Farms in the E.U. 2004 (Organic-Europe, 2005) Country Organic Hectares % organic area Organic Farms % organic farms Austria 344916.00 13.53% 19826 11.30% Belgium 23728.00 1.70% 693 1.26% Cyprus 1017.96 0.71% 225 . Czech Rep. 263299.00 6.16% 836 2.20% Denmark 154921.00 5.76% 3166 5.50% Estonia 46016.00 5.17% 810 2.00% Finland 162024.00 7.31% 4887 6.00% France 534037.00 1.80% 11059 1.71% Germany 767891.00 4.52% 16603 4.10% Greece 249488.00 2.72% 8427 0.71% Hungary 128690.02 2.19% 1583 4.10% Ireland 30670.00 0.70% 897 0.60% Italy 954361.00 6.22% 36639 1.70% Latvia 43901.99 1.77% 1043 . Lithuania 42000.00 1.21% 1811 2.70% Luxemburg 3158.03 2.49% 66 2.24% Malta 13.00 0.13% 1 . Netherlands 48152.00 2.49% 1469 1.40% Poland 82730.00 0.49% 3760 0.20% Portugal 169892.00 4.46% 1302 0.30% Slovak Republic 53901.00 2.41% 117 1.56% Slovenia 23032.00 4.55% 1590 2.04% Spain 733182.37 2.87% 16013 1.40% Sweden 222044.00 7.31% 3138 3.90% UK 690270.00 4.39% 4010 1.70% Totals 5773335.37 3.37% 139971 1.54% Table 6 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Year Organic Land Conversion in the European Union 1985 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1990 (UK Statistics, 2001) Year end 85 86 87 88 89 90 European Union Austria 5880 7000 8400 12320 16674 21546 Belgium 500 700 972 1000 1200 1300 Denmark 4500 4800 5035 5881 9553 11581 Finland 1000 1200 1400 1500 2300 6726 France 45000 50000 55000 60000 65000 72000 Germany-cert 24940 27160 33047 42393 54295 90021 Germany-other 0 0 0 0 0 15000 Greece 0 0 0 50 100 150 Ireland 1000 1100 1300 1500 3700 3800 Italy 5000 5500 6000 9000 11000 13218 Luxembourg 350 400 412 450 550 600 Netherlands 2450 2724 3384 5000 6544 7469 Portugal 50 200 320 420 550 1000 Spain 2140 2500 2714 3000 3300 3650 Sweden-cert 1500 2500 4870 8598 23600 28500 Sweden-other 0 0 0 0 5092 4890 U. Kingdom 6000 7000 8500 11000 18500 31000 EU 15 100310 112784 131354 162112 221958 312451 EU 15 % change 12% 16% 23% 37% 41% Table 6 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Year Organic Land Conversion in the European Union 1991 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1996 (UK Statistics, 2001) Year end 91 92 93 94 95 96 European Union Austria 27580 84000 135982 192337 335865 309089 Belgium 1400 1700 2179 2683 3385 4261 Denmark 17963 18653 20090 21145 40884 46171 Finland 13281 15859 20340 25822 44695 84556 France 81225 85000 87829 94806 118393 137084 Germany-cert 158477 202379 246458 272139 309487 354171 Germany-other 30000 96742 126385 173128 152062 121575 Greece 200 250 591 1188 2401 5269 Ireland 3823 5101 5460 5390 12634 20496

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Law Enforcement Today free essay sample

In todays society there is a variety of issues police departments face. They fall from corruption in the departments, multicultural society, racial profiling, corruption, stress and pressure. Because of the many issues, officers Jobs become more challenging on a daily basis. Society within the United States continuously evolve, it is the home of a country that has different cultures and ethnic backgrounds. It creates issues for police when the departments are not as diverse which could lead to racial profiling along with language barriers.This makes it hard for officers to investigate crimes when officers are unable to speak the different languages. When an officer assumes or determines the race of an individual when a crime happens, or happened, is called racial profiling. The departments are trying to resolve this issue by employing more officers that speak more than one language or of different ethnicities. Along with racial profiling, officers face corruption. Another incident that has become an issue is the safety of officers. For instance back on September 12, 2014 when a man who was seeking change shot and killed a Pennsylvania State Trooper while injuring another.Another issue all local, state and federal agencies deal with would be the issue on immigration. The reason immigration is an issue for police agencies is because when you have a person or a group of people that have come to the U. S. Illegally they can cause problems in society that are unwanted and that cause crime to rocket in a specific area or all over the country. Another issue that the police agencies go through would be cybercafà ©.Cybercafà © is a big issue for police agencies because he Job of the police department is to protect the citizens and when a child is being bullied to the point the child takes their life or child pornography is being exposed on the internet it is a crime because it is causing someone else to become unsafe as well as it being illegal. Cybercafà © is also very difficult for law enforcement agencies to deal with because they can be very difficult to catch unless someone points out in plain view the specifics of who, when, where, what, and how it is occurring.Local, state and federal law enforcement agencies interact with Homeland Security in any ways. Some ways that these agencies interact with Homeland Security is by helping to continue in keeping the citizens of the Unite d States of America safe report and by eliminate terrorist attacks or anything that will hinder the lives of the American people in any way in the United States. For instance if a local police agency runs a traffic stop that positively identifies known terrorists than they can bring the terrorists for questioning and to alert the state and federal agencies and the government on information about the terrorists and their groups.The way the Department of Homeland Security gets the federal, local and state law enforcement agencies involved is by collecting data, information, tools and resources that each of these agencies are going to need in order help eliminate terrorism in the United States. While trying to get all the agencies involved there are also different things that ADS and the local, state and federal agencies can do in order to improve their relationship. Such things include on how they communicate and share information, enhance federal resources as well as supporting them through grants, raining and other means.Lastly, they would be to strengthen its analytic capabilities to achieve better awareness of new and emerging threats. As one who would like to become a police officer one day I too would like to gain access in helping to resolve the issues that the local, state and federal governments are facing today as well as in the future as well as protecting the citizens of the United States. Taking it step by step will help eliminate the threat of terror as well as even the issues of the department and the Standard Operating Procedures they go through.

ABSOLUTE AGE OF ROCK essays

ABSOLUTE AGE OF ROCK essays ROCKS ARE AN INTERESTING BUT MYSTERIOS THINGS BECAUSE, THERE ARE ALL KINDS OF ROCKS AND WAYS THEY CAN BE FORMED AND HOW THERE FORMED. THE MEANING ABSOLUTE AGE OF ROCK IS HOW OLD A CERTAIN ROCK IS, AND KNOW THAT ME CAN FIND OUT HOW OLD THE EARTH IS IN YEARS, MONTHS OR DAYS. CARBON 14 IS AN ELEMENT FOUND IN A ONCE LIVING THING, AND IT IS USED ONORGANIC MATERIAL LESS THAN 50,000 YEARS OLD, WHICH INCLUDES MANY THINGS SUCH AS HUMAN REMAINS AND ARTIFACTS, BUT EXCLUDES MOST FOSSILS ABSOLUTE DATING COMPLEMENTS RELATIVE DATING BY PROVIDING AN EXACT OR ABSOLUTE AGE FOR AN OBJECT, SUCH AS 50 MILLION YEARS BEFORE PRESENT, IN YEARS BEFORE RELIABLE FORMS OF ABSOLUTE DATING BECAME BECAME AVAILABLE THROUGH THE FOUNDING OF RADIOMETRIC DATING METHODS. THESE METHODS ARE BASED ON THE KNOWN, REGULAR DECAY OF CERTAIN REDIOACTIVE ELEMENTSITTO OTHER ISOTOPES OR DAUGHTER PRODUCTS THE WAY IT WORKS IS, BY MEASURING THE PARENT AND DAUGHTER PRODUCT IN A ROCK SAMPLE, ITS EXACT AGE CAN BE CALCULATED. RADIOACTIVE DECAY IS WHEN MOST ELEMENTS COMPRISE MORE THAN ONE ISOTOP. SOME ARE STABE AND HAVE BEEN ARUND SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM BUT OTHERS ARE UNSTABLE AND BRAEK DOWN BY RADIOACTIVE DECAY OF THEIR NUCLEI TO ANOTHER ISOTOPES, USUALLY OF OTHER ELEMENTS. I FOUND THIS TOPPIC ON ABSOLUTE AGE OF ROCK VERY EXITING TO DO AND I ENJOYED IT I LEARNED ALOTE OF INFORMATION SUCH AS HOW TO MEASURE HOW OLD A ROCK IS OR THE EARTH IS, SO I HOPE YOU LIKE THIS PAPER. 1) HTTP://MEMBERS.AOL.COM/FORSTRACK/FOSSDATE.HTM 2) HTTP://WWW.ESCI.KEELE.AC.UK/COURSES/GEOL103ECT13B.HTM LEES GRAHAM 2000 WEB PAGE DATED 3) HTTP://WWW.ES-DESIGNS.COM/GEOL105/LECTURE06.HTML NO NAME AND PAGE DATED IN 2000 ...

The Music Industry essays

The Music Industry essays From the video that was played based on the music industry', I learnt a bunch of things about the behind the scenes' activities that happen daily in this business. The amount of hard work that artists do to promote their records, their costs, profits, product promotions using music, etc. Watching this video was a great experience for me and it has completely changed the way I used to think about this industry. First of all, an artist has to sell a minimum of 800,000 records to reach a break-even in terms of financial analysis (because they only make about over a dollar on every album). Selling 800,000 records isn't as easy as you think it is. You need a horde of people behind you to make this so called dream' a reality. You need famous sponsors, big promotion companies such as Sony/BMG/Vevendi Universal/BMI etc, and at least an average income of above $50,000. $50,000 because, companies only want to promote artists who they think they could make money off of. Favours are not done in such massive multi-billionaire businesses. It costs a LOT to become a superstar! Secondly, I also learned that all the music shows I used to watch on TV, or hear on radio are all pre-prepared and it has nothing to do with the likes or dislikes of the broadcasting company. The artists pay them to talk about their songs and make it a number 1 choice amongst the public (such as the TRL show in MTV). In actual fact, all this is fake - "match fixing". It's just a way of promoting their records so that more people will go for it. Same goes with all the DJs of radio companies. They all get paid to play music from different artists. The more you want your music to be played, the more you pay - as simple as that. Furthermore, I learned about the effect of music when used to promote different products. A consumer will most likely buy a BIG MAC, if for instance a BIG MAC is promoted with a song the consumer enjoys best. Music is an integral p...

Land Rover Acquisition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Land Rover Acquisition - Essay Example Tata Motors took $3bn ($2.3bn for purchasing JLR and the remainder for supplying important parts that included engine and other parts from Ford) bridge loan so as to fund this acquisition at $2.3bn with the aim of paying back a part through right issue, its stake sale in other subsidiaries and raising the rest through long term debt. The bridge loan was raised by Tata Motors, UK (which is a 100% subsidy of Tata Motors). The margin of the interest for the initial 6months on the bridge loan was 85% over LIBOR, followed by 1.2% for the following three months and then up to the end of term at 1.5% ( Gaughan, P. A. 2011). The same was intended to be pated through the rights issue, issue of securities overseas and its portfolio investments divesting. Before, Tata Motors requested to secure the funds using three simultaneous right issues, of which, of which one was o.5% convertible preference shares. However, the company was forced to share its plan for issuing the convertible preference sh ares as the prices of the share of the company fell greatly and remained low till as recent as August 2009. The other 2 rights issue (one was meant to earning Rs.21.86 billion with each other share at Rs.340/- with every share priced at Rs. 305/-) was not able to generate the expected amount of subscriptions from the share holders and required to be bailed out by company’s promoters and the underwriters. Tata Motors was hoping from the past record with both Land Rover and Jaguar would be able to earn enough funds.

HRM - Industrial relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

HRM - Industrial relationship - Essay Example The paper starts by explaining the meaning of employee relations then goes on to outline and evaluate the rationale behind the claim that partnerships are more important in the creation of fruitful employee relations. A conclusion summarising the main points discussed in the essay will be given at the end. In order to gain a clear understanding of the concept of employee relations, it is imperative to begin by explaining its meaning. â€Å"Employee Relations involves the body of work concerned with maintaining employer-employee relationships that contribute to satisfactory productivity, motivation, and morale.† This definition can be viewed from the following website . Basically, employee relations is mainly concerned with resolving problems or conflicts that may arise at workplace and the major aim is to improve the performance of the workers towards the attainment of the set organisational goals. The other aim of employee relations in the workplace is to correct any kind of misconduct where information is passed to the employees so that they will be better positioned to understand the goals of the management and the organisation as a whole. Employees are also advised about their rights and obligations and their participation as well as involvement in the decision making process is done through unions within different organisations. These unions would represent the grievances of the employees in a bid to create a conducive environment that will promote good employee relations. According to the to the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) as cited by the Learning and Teaching Support Network Guide (ND), employee involvement is ‘a range of processes designed to engage the support, understanding and optimum contribution of all employees in an organisation and their commitment to its objectives.’ This information can be viewed at . The members of the organisation are encouraged to play a part in making valuable contributions i n the decision making process of the organisation. This is believed to go a long way in fostering long term relationships between the employees and their employers for the betterment of the organisation as a whole. On the other hand, employee participation is defined as ‘a process of employee involvement designed to provide employees with the opportunity to influence and where appropriate, take part in decision making on matters which affect them.’ However, research has shown that the major difference in employee participation and involvement is that employee participation takes a pluralist approach while involvement is centred on individual concerns. In both cases, the management retains control and power of all the processes that may be involved in the decision making process. Whilst it is a noble idea to involve all the employees to participate in the decision m

Culture Clashes in Daisy Miller Essay Example for Free

Culture Clashes in Daisy Miller Essay Throughout the world people have differing ideas on what is good and bad based on whatever culture one visits one is sure to find major differences. In the period that this story takes place the US is trying to find its own identity and establish their own traditions. In the Europeans perspectives the Americans were deviant people because their culture was out of the norm. Winterbourne is stunned and intrigued immediately once he meets Daisy. He growing up with a more European lifestyle finds Daisy’s flirtatious and outgoing attitude very abnormal yet refreshing. Many of the older women in society, especially his mother, find her to be cheap and very unlady like due to her lack of classy behavior compared their idea of a proper high society woman should behave like. The book Daisy Miller, illustrates the American lifestyle, compared to the proper etiquette of European social standards. The novel Daisy Miller is the story of a girl who is on vacation with her mother and little brother. Along the way she meets Winterbourne and whom he immediately notices that she is different than other girls he has met in the past. She gives off an aura of wanting to become independent and a free spirit. Which all of the other women look down upon because they find it very trashy and very improper, especially for someone of such a high status also. Daisy’s family is of high society and normally girls like Daisy are quiet and respectful, never is it heard of to approach a man to which she is not acquainted with. Therefore, the idea that Daisy is flirtatious and so headstrong and direct with Winterbourne is just shocking to everyone who hears of her. She makes a great impact on those around her and unfortunately most do not like her because she is different and American. Henry James was born in New York on April 15, 1843 and died February 28, 1916 of edema following a series of strokes in London( â€Å"Henry James† par 1). He was the son of Henry, a minister, and Mary (â€Å"Henry James† par 1). He immigrated to England in 1910 and was naturalized in 1915(â€Å"Henry James† par 1). Since he was born in the US he had a similar outlook on perhaps what he wrote about. He moved to London for the latter part of his life, which caused him to see the extreme difference in the European perspective. This is what the novel Daisy Miller is all about. The differences and the controversy that occurs when two different cultures clash together. James had a very successful career that always involved writing. He was a well-known literary critic and novelist. He was a writer for Nation and art critic for The Atlantic in 1866-1869(â€Å" Henry James par 2). He was a writer for the New York Tribune while living in Paris for a year. Surprisingly though he was also a volunteer among the displaced and wounded during World War I (â€Å" Henry James par 2). He received many prestigious awards throughout his life including the Order of Merit in 1915 and he was commemorated with the James memorial stone (â€Å" Henry James par 4). Henry James lived from 1843 to 1916, which is around the same time that he set the period in the novel Daisy Miller. James lived the majority of his life in the US and was raised with the American culture. For the latter years of his life he moved to London were most people were still living in an old-fashioned setting as opposed to Americans who were exploring and expanding from the European way. James having experienced life in both areas causes him to not give quite a clear suggestion on which culture he prefers, â€Å" In late Victorian eyes, Daisy was likely to be either wholly innocent or guilty; James, either all for her or against her†( Ohmann par 1). Due to this the reader is never told which culture James ends up supporting, â€Å" James began writing with one attitude towards his heroine and concluded with a second and different attitude toward her(Ohmann par 1). In the novel Daisy is often regarded as an outsider or an unwelcome intruder in society. Her outgoing and free spirit causes people, specifically Europeans, to look down on her because her behavior does not conform with the norms of that particular society. She stands out but at the same time she does not really care that people are talking about her and looking down on her with distaste. She puts it in the back of her mind and just tells her self that she will do whatever she wants and she will not let anybody tell her that she is not able to. She does not let the fact that she is a woman restrain her from achieving what she wants. Yet at the same time she maintains her dignity and pride while still acting like a woman to a certain extent. She balances the fine line through the book of the quiet proper woman and the wild American. She maintains the free spirit of an American girl, but traditionally she is still a woman who has escorts and fine extravagant dinner parties for young high society people. She revolutionizes the idea that it would be alright to loosen up on occasion, â€Å" her conduct is without blemish, according to the rural American standard, and she knows no other†(Howells par 2). However in the perspective of other people they regard her as a nuisance and someone who is a threat to society because she could soil and corrupt the minds of their young daughters: â€Å" Daisy exemplifies those young girls who have fine social gifts to be sure but whose cleverness is too much for them and if allowed any influence their folly runs away with them, like horses with the bits between their teeth†(Montiero par 4). She stands out and people around her do not appreciate her trying to be different because they do not want to accept change or different cultures. They are all used to the regular routine and tradition that the generations before them have set up and carried out for hundreds of years before them. They expected to continue with tradition for hundreds until they saw things were changing and were scared to approach it so they tried to shut it out. The novel Daisy Miller represents a major problem that is still controversial to this day. Still in the world cultures clash and people are sometimes offended at others. However no one can be blamed because its all about the society’s norms and values. Every society is different and what may be important not one may not necessarily be as important to some one else. Many cultures differ but fortunately they find a common ground to agree upon on the basic rules of society. They may not agree completely but they are willing to acknowledge that its true. Works cited Deakin, Motley F. â€Å"Daisy Miller, Tradition, and the European Heroine. † Comparative Literature Studies. 6. 1(Mar. 1969): 45-59 Rpt. in Literature Resource Center. Detroit: Gale. Farragut High School. 26 oct. 2009 http://go. galegroup. com â€Å"Henry James. † Contemporary Authors Online. Detroit: Gale, 2003. Literature Resource Center. Gale. Farragut High. 22 Oct. 2009 http://go. galegroup. com Howells, William Dean. â€Å" Defense of Daisy Miller. † Discovery of a Genius: William Dean Howells and Henry James. Ed. Albert Mordell Twayne Publishers, 1961. 88-91. Rpt in Short Story Criticism. Ed. Thomas Votteler. Vol. 8. Detroit: gale Research, 1991. 88-91. Literature Resource Center. Gale. Farragut High School. 26 Oct. 2009 James, Henry. Daisy Miller. New York: Penguin Books,1995. Monteiro, George. â€Å"What’s in a Name? James’ Daisy Miller. † American Literary Realism. 39. 3 (Spring 2007): p. 252. Literature Resource Center. Gale. Farragut High School. 25 Oct. 2009 http:// go. galegroup. com Ohmann, Carol. â€Å" Daisy Miller: A study of Changing Intentions. † American Literature. 36. 1 (Mar. 1964):1-11 Rpt in Short Story Criticism. Ed. Anna J. Sheets. Vol. 32. Detroit: gale Group, 1999. 1-11. Literature Resource Center. Gale. Farragut High School. 22 Oct. 2009 http://go. galegroup. com Wardley,Lynn. â€Å"Reassembling Daisy Miller. † American Literary History. 3. 2(Summer 1991):232-254. Rpt in Short Story Criticism. Ed Anna J. Sheets. Vol. 32. Detroit: Gale Group,1999. 232-254. Literature Resource Center. Gale. Farragut High School. 23 Oct. 2009

Sex & Violence in the Media Essay -- Essays Papers

Sex & Violence in the Media On February 1, 2004, millions of Americans sat down around their television sets with their family and friends to watch the biggest sports event of the year: Super Bowl XXXVIII. Inside the Reliant Stadium of Houston, Texas, the New England Patriots beat the Carolina Panthers 32-29 in one of the closest games in recent history; but this year it wasn’t the football game or even the commercials that had people talking. It was an incident that occurred during the halftime show that involved pop singers Janet Jackson and Justin Timberlake that ended in millions of Americans having the privilege to see the left breast of Janet Jackson for a few moments. This single issue may not have been a huge ordeal in itself, but it brought to surface some very pertinent questions about how far was too far in the media, what the government should do to control it, and what effects sex and violence in the media were having on American culture. The events that took place during the halftime show of the Super Bowl may have shocked and angered many parents for exposing such sexual behavior and nudity to their children, but there were also a great number of people who questioned why people were so upset over a few seconds of screen time that Janet Jackson’s left breast received. After all, it was simply part of the female anatomy. Many people argued that it wasn’t just nudity, that it was â€Å"softcore† pornography because of the sexual conduct that was behind the performance. It is understandable that Jackson and Timberlake’s routine was full of sexual innuendo, but the majority of young children usually don’t pick up on such behavior and thus a simple â€Å"wardrobe malfunction.† Whether the performance during the halftime ... ...ildren, teenagers, and adults in many different ways. While some people were outraged by the Super Bowl incident and others believed it was merely an accident that could have been prevented, the event put to the test some fundamental questions concerning how much power the media should have. Because the FCC is on a rampage right now trying to put an end to these problems, many networks are implementing new features such as the ten second delay, and others are trying to promote the use of V-chips (prevent children from viewing objectionable material) and reminding Americans of the rating system that is on the television. But the fact is, television is free to the public, and the public is watching. As sex and violence increasingly fill our television sets, our minds become more adjusted to such behaviors and we forget to grasp reality and focus on the important things.

Dick Hebdige’s work Subculture: The Meaning of Style

Dick Hebdige’s work Subculture: The Meaning of Style has had a great impact within the area of cultural studies as it manages to take the preceding theories of subculture one step further, and to pinpoint the differences between culture and subculture as well as to decipher the â€Å"the hidden messages inscribed on the glossy surfaces of style† (Hebdige, 18). Hebdige follows on the tracks of semiology as theorized before him by Saussure and Roland Barthes and tries to read and interpret the signs and the language of the subcultures that emerged in Great Britain after World War II, such as the punks, the mods or the skinheads.Also, he is inspired to a great extent by Levi-Strauss’s structuralist anthropology. What is really significant about Hebdige’s works though is that he applies the purely theoretical frame that had been constructed by the preceding authors directly to the different styles which appeared as forms of subculture. Thus, he tries to interp ret the outer signs which were displayed by each of the groups, from the punks to the skinheads, and reveal their social and cultural meaning.He uses clothing and hair styles, types of music or dancing and so on, as part of the language of the subcultures, in which the actual social meanings are inscribed. Thus, according to Hebdige although the social classes were said to have disappeared after the Second World War, they were actually simply transformed into ideological divisions from the mainstream. The classes thus formed were subcultures, that is, ‘marginal discourses’ which opposed the general tendency of the anonymous culture existing at that point in time:â€Å"It has become something of a clichà © to talk of the period after the Second World War as one of enormous upheaval in which the traditional patterns of life in Britain were swept aside to be replaced by a new, and superficially less class-ridden system [†¦] Nonetheless [†¦]class refused to disa ppear. The ways in which class was lived, however – the forms in which the experience of class found expression in culture did change dramatically.The advent of the mass media, changes in the constitution of the family, in the organization of school and work, shifts in the relative status of work and leisure, all served to fragment and polarize the working-class community, producing a series of marginal discourses within the broad confines of class experience. †(Hebdige, 54) As Hebdige emphasizes, the subcultural styles formed their own rhetoric by means of a certain way of living and of an ostentatious appearance, as a response to the particular cultural, social, political circumstances of the time.In brief, it can be said that these subcultural styles were a form of protest to the anonymous culture. Although sometimes their rhetoric, as in the case of the punks, was intentionally baffling and consciously aiming at meaninglessness, to the point that it seemed to  "work against the reader and to resist any authoritative interpretation,†(Hebdige, 89) it formed nevertheless a coherent symbolic order in itself.The subcultural groups represent, in Hebdige’s view, responses to the â€Å"contrary mythology of class†, that is, to the way in which class was alternatively proclaimed as gone and then reaffirmed by the media: â€Å"Rather the different styles and the ideologies which structure and determine them represent negotiated responses to a contradictory mythology of class. In this mythology, ‘the withering away of class' is paradoxically countered by an undiluted ‘classfulness', a romantic conception of the traditional whole way of (working-class) life revived twice weekly on television programs like Coronation Street.The mods and skinheads, then, in their different ways, were ‘handling' this mythology as much as the exigencies of their material condition. They were learning to live within or without that a morphous body of images and typifications made available in the mass media in which class is alternately overlooked and overstated, denied and reduced to caricature. †(Hebdige, 55) Thus, Hebdige sees subcultures as homogeneous and coherent forms of rhetoric, which go beyond the merely desire to shock the public opinion.In fact, as he theorizes, all the parts of the systems of symbols that make up a particular style are homologous, and they can be said to be as coherent as a’ whole way of life’: â€Å"In Profane Culture, Willis shows how, contrary to the popular myth which presents subcultures as lawless forms, the internal structure of any particular subculture is characterized by an extreme orderliness: each part is organically related to other parts and it is through the fit between them that the subcultural member makes sense of the world.For instance, it was the homology between an alternative value system (‘Tune in, turn on, drop out’), halluci nogenic drugs and acid rock which made the hippy culture cohere as a ‘whole way of life’ for individual hippies. †(Hebdige, 123) As Hebdige remarks the subcultures were actually strong constructs, which were usually meant as a response to a crisis situation, as is the case of the punks at the end of the 1970’s, whose rhetoric mimicked the chaos of the English social and economical life.The violent and obscene style was in fact a language in itself, in perfect accordance with the way in which swore or spoke: â€Å"There was a homological relation between the trashy cut-up clothes and spiky hair, the pogo and amphetamines, the spitting, the vomiting, the format of the fanzines, the insurrectionary poses and the â€Å"soulless,† frantically driven music. The punks wore clothes which were the sartorial equivalent of swear words, and they swore as they dressed — with calculated effect, lacing obscenities into record notes and publicity releases, i nterviews and love songs.Clothed in chaos, they produced Noise in the calmly orchestrated Crisis of everyday life in the late 1970 s[†¦]†(Hebdige, 125) Hebdige thus highlights the identity of language and style within the subcultural rhetoric. The punks for instance functioned as a current in which the meanings were not even fixed as such, although the general meaning behind the style was that ‘the forbidden is permitted’, as Hebdige comments: â€Å"If we were to write an epitaph for the punk subculture, we could do no better than repeat Poly Styrene's famous dictum: ‘Oh Bondage, Up Yours!’ or somewhat more concisely: the forbidden is permitted, but by the same token, nothing, not even these forbidden signifiers (bondage, safety pins, chains, hair-dye, etc. ) is sacred and fixed. †(Hebdige, 125)The subcultures were thus a way of subverting the anonymous, mainstream currents trough a form of stylistic rhetoric. The main discontents with the contemporary world were thus displayed by means of dress or discordant music for example, aiming at a deconstruction of traditional concepts or cultural facts.The subcultural styles didn’t target necessarily the values of a certain society, as it is usually believed, but rather those notions and cultural patterns that they found as incoherent and contradictory. They were actually an abstract embodiment of the outside chaos, and not a chaotic response to order, or a protest against order. Also, the subcultural streams aimed at emphasizing otherness and difference and their adherents were intentionally posing as aliens to society and wearing masks so as to avoid any categorization or prescribed identity:â€Å"They [the punks] played up their Otherness, ‘happening’ on the world as aliens, inscrutables. Though punk rituals, accents and objects were deliberately used to signify working-classness, the exact origins of individual punks were disguised or symbolically d isfigured by the make-up, masks and aliases which seem to have been used, like Breton's art, as ploys ‘to escape the principle of identity. ’ †(Hebdige,126) Another very important characteristic of the subcultural movements is, as Hebdige notes, the fact that they strived to confuse the usual divisions of race, gender and chronology by combining them in their style.The boundaries between the white and black cultures are progressively erased through the borrowings that the white cultures made from the black ones in their style: â€Å"[†¦] it is on the plane of aesthetics: in dress, dance, music; in the whole rhetoric of style, that we find the dialogue between black and white most subtly and comprehensively recorded [†¦]†(Hebdige, 96) The subcultures proceeded to mix up the separate elements of the mainstream culture, attacking thus the idea of identity and opening the way to difference and otherness:â€Å"Behind punk's favored ‘cut ups†™ lay hints of disorder, of breakdown and category confusion: a desire not only to erode racial and gender boundaries but also to confuse chronological sequence by mixing up details from different periods. †(Hebdige, 128) The important thing to note therefore is that in Hebdige’s theory the subcultures were deviations from the anonymous culture, aiming at decentralizing some of the most rooted concepts and ideas of society, and at establishing a new different order outside the stereotypes of society. All this was done through style, ranging from music to dressing and all the other means of expression.Style works therefore as a system of signs, as a text that must be read to grasp the meaning behind it. Obviously, Hebdige’s work deals with the subcultures in the modern epoch, after the Second World War. Therefore, there have been attempts to take his study further, so as it may capture the way in which subculture is manifested in postmodernism. Although the main subcultures that Hebdige discusses- the punks, the teddy boys, the mods, the skinheads, the Rasta men and so on, lost their force or even disappeared, some subcultural groups still exist today, although their structure seems to be different from that of the modern subcultures.The styles in the contemporary world are, to a great extent, the products of postmodernism and therefore imitate its main tenants, its fragmentation and hybridization. There are no longer entirely compact, coherent or well delimited subcultures like those identified by Hebdige, therefore the concepts he proposed remain mostly valid for the historical period he analyzed in his work. His approach is very enlightening for any cultural studies inquiry but it should be modified or continued so as to comprise the contemporary phenomena.

Essay on the Concept of Power - 1154 Words

Nertile Latifi and Brikena Sela Julie Kolgjini Writing Seminar 0502-227 October 07, 2008 What is power, and how does it present itself in our lives? We know for certain that it proves as the one thing that either keeps people together, makes them revolt, or changes history overall. But what is it really? Is it the ability to do or act, or is it political/national strength? Does it always have to be represented by a person in charge? Or is it just something in our minds that has the possession to control our influence. There are so many meanings behind this short yet ‘powerful’ word, such as that which is discussed in Orwell’s Animal Farm, and that which is part of human nature. To begin with, various resources provide†¦show more content†¦In adulthood power still shows, but differs from the naà ¯ve use in childhood. Adulthood power is weighed more definite. Visvira is in her first real relationship where she just started to go out with her new boyfriend. From the first day on, each side shows indirectly his and her strengths and powers. What they’ve learned until now is that one always has to give in, if it’s worth the sacrifice. Visvira’s boyfriend for example learned this earlier in his teenage-years, and decided to be the weaker one, who’d rather do what the powerful tell them to, than risk on his own. Hence, Visvira turns out to be dominant in the relationship. She decides what they’re going to do, when, and why. Visvira got so good in using her power it’s even helping in her career. The power she has at home with her family and with her boyfriend gives her confidence and strengthens her so much, that she’s not afraid of being dismissed when coming up with new ideas. After Visvira and her boyfriend move in and get married, she even makes more money than him, which presents another big presence of power. Her life goes on like this when they have children too. She keeps on making t he decisions because she wears the pants in the family. But as her children grow up, guess what they’re going to do? Like their mother, they’re going to fight for their own power, and Visvira gets to her last part of life: â€Å"Senior-hood†. She knows now, she isn’t the boss anymore, but the power she lost is given to herShow MoreRelatedThe Concept of Power Essay1245 Words   |  5 PagesThe concept of power is present within various realms of all organizations. Power, however, is not something that should necessarily be looked at negatively. There are justifiable types of power that may be important to criminal justice organizations. The main role of power in criminal justice administration should be to gain compliance from subordinates of all types, and turn that power over time into acceptable forms of authority (Stojkovic et al., 2008). 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